Medicine Sources Question Essay

What can you learn from these two sources about Pare’s contribution to medicine? (5 marks) Ambroise Pare was a French war surgeon who worked in a number of public hospitals and helped many times on the battlefields, giving him ‘war wound’ knowledge. He lived between 1510 and 1590. Before Ambroise Pare, soldiers who received a gunshot wound during battle were prone to a lot of pain and suffering. Wounds were burnt with red hot iron called a cautery or would be filled with boiling oil. All doctors knew this was a very painful action but didn’t know any different ways to treat the wounds. This is shown by the picture in source two. Source one shows what actually happened when Pare discovered the improved method for treating gunshot wounds. It tells us that there were many issues to the success of the discovery. The issues include chance, war and printing. It also shows how he thought that the oil and the cautery did actually work. The written source shows that the war was a great help for the discovery. He was working on the battlefield so he could try his new discovery on the patients of the war. Without him running out of oil on the battle field Pare would not have had to make up the remedy of egg yolks, oil of roses and turpentine. The printing helped him spread his knowledge around and let other people know his new method. ‘Anaesthetics alone led to major progress in surgery in the nineteenth century.’ Do you agree? Explain you answer. (15 marks) Anaesthetics make surgery pain free and are available in two forms: general, which makes the patient unconscious; and local which numbs an area of the body. Before anaesthetics there were a number of problems. Surgery was limited to amputations as infection couldn’t be stopped and operations had to extremely quick. Due to the high risk of infection deep internal operations were out of the question and many people died due to the trauma of pain. Some people said the pain was as bad as being like a criminal preparing for an execution. The fear of surgery was immense which meant both patients and surgeons suffered with stress. Operations before anaesthetics had no hygiene measures and ordinary equipment, like outdoor saws, were used. The first form of anaesthetic was by Humphry Davis who made patients inhale nitrous oxide. Crawford Long found out that ether was another useful anaesthetic in 1842. After 1846, the public became more accepted to anaesthetics and on the 21st December Robert Liston successfully amputated a leg using ether in twenty-six seconds, the patient even asked whether they started the operation as it had been totally pain free. In 1847, James Simpson found that chloroform could be used during childbirth, as it didn’t cause inflammation. Having anaesthetics it meant that surgery could be more widely available. With anaesthetic anything from a sore tooth to a tumour could be removed. It would all be pain free, which meant there was less stress on surgeons to carry out quick operations, and the fear of operations was reduced. As operations could take longer they were more successful and death rates lowered considerably and more complex surgery could be carried out. Although there were many advantages to using anaesthetics there were still a number of disadvantages. Many doctors didn’t want to use anaesthetics because people had side affects due to the wrong amount being administrated and some people even suffered overdoses. Some surgeons were also seen as too inexperienced to use it as they had to be so careful about the dosage. Although the fear of surgery had reduced, many people were now scared because during the whole operation, their lives were in the hands of the doctors and so couldn’t stop the surgery until the surgeon wanted to. Although a wider range of surgery could be carried out, there was still no chance of complex heart surgery as the of infection was too high. One of the most important disadvantages of anaesthetics was that no antiseptics had been formed and because longer, deeper surgery was being carried out there was a greater risk of infection. It has been shown that anaesthetics alone did not lead to major progress in surgery. Without antiseptics which stop infection, anaesthetics are not useful as patients are likely to die of infection, and so, antiseptics are useless without anaesthetics as antiseptics don’t relieve pain. Antiseptics are really more important because although during surgery anaesthetics were a ‘dream come true’, antiseptics made sure that the wound was no longer infected. There were many years when there were no antiseptics but a lot of anaesthetics. This led to people not dying from shock from the operation but from the infection from the machinery.

A Brief Note On The Vietnam War Of Vietnam

Vietnam War On November 1, 1995 the North Vietnamese attacked South Vietnam to mark the beginning of the Vietnam War (Tet Offensive). Spanning nineteen years, the Vietnam War was a conflict fought between six different countries and allies over the differing opinions concerning communism. Ho Chi Minh was the leader for the North and believed in a communist government and received help from the Soviet Union and China (Biography of Ho Chi Minh). On the other hand, leader of Southern Vietnam, General†¦ The Vietnam War was an extensive and expensive war between the Communist regime of North Vietnam and South Vietnam, known as Viet Cong. The United States were allies with South Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh was the founder of the Indochina Communist Party and the prime minister and leader of North Vietnam. His Communist party was called the Viet Minh. Ngo Dinh Diem was the first President of South Vietnam. He was not in favor of Communism. The war started on November 1, 1955 and ended on April 30, 1975.†¦ How To Do Business In Vietnam Name: Institution: How to do business in Vietnam Background Vietnam is a Southeast Asia country bordering China to the north, Cambodia and Laos to the west. The country has a population of 90.5 million residents. Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam but Ho Chi Minh City in the south is the most populated and the largest commercial city. The coastline opens up to the Gulf of Thailand. The land area of Vietnam is 331,114 square kilometers. A large†¦ the early days of the Vietnam war, United states involvement was limited to training and assistance to the South Vietnamese to help them defeat the communist soldiers of North Vietnam. The Vietnam War was a military conflict fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. South Vietnam was supported by the United States and other anti-communist allies; whereas, the North Vietnamese were supported by their communist allies. The Viet Cong fought using a guerrilla style of war, ambushing in small troops†¦ The country of Vietnam has always been in some sort of disputation. Previous to the Vietnam war, Vietnam was continually on the brink of losing their country to the French. From 1874 to 1954, the French colonization of Vietnam was taking place. After the French conquered Vietnam, they had goals including profiting economically, teaching and spreading the history and language of French culture, and having total dominance over Vietnam. If an individual was Vietnamese at this time they had the choice†¦ Vietnam war was started 12 years just after WW2 had ended. Vietnam war had started because of the struggle between the republic of Vietnam. You had 2 parts of vietnam who couldn 't get along and agree so they made a Line along the 17th Parallel call The Demilitarized Zone. It had separated North Vietnam and South Vietnam. The north was always meaner and the bad country while South vietnam was the nicer and gooder country. The Capital of North Vietnam was Hanoi. The capital of South Vietnam was Saigon†¦ psychologically by a history of war. After the Vietnam War, the country crippled under the leadership of the Communist party, the dominant and only political party in the country. The Communist party spreaded its control over every aspect of the country’s citizens and, at the same time, created a pseudo democratic system. The main cause of such corruption is the connection between the Communist Parties of Vietnam and China. While there exists a psychological border between China and Vietnam that has been around†¦ maintain control over their Indochinese colonies. Lastly, the United States would get involved in Vietnam in an attempt to prop up the southern Republic of Vietnam against the communist Democratic Republic of Vietnam. The following will be a brief summary that compares and contrasts the French and American conflicts in Vietnam by looking at motives for the wars, how the territorial boundaries of the war were defined, differences in understanding of why the Vietnamese wanted independence, and if the†¦ The Vietnam Conflict The Vietnam War, also known as the second Indochina war was fought between the years of 1954 and 1973. Although the American involvement was not as concentrated until 1963. The record for longest war in American history to this day goes to the Vietnam, but the story doesn’t start when America stepped in, it goes way beyond that. Before either of the Indochina wars, Vietnam was a French Colony. The French maintained strong control of Vietnam until the Japanese invaded during†¦ The war in Vietnam lasted for nearly 10 years and took a toll on both the American and Vietnamese people. The war in Vietnam produced large numbers of casualties and a rapid loss of support from the American people. The American leadership, both in Washington D.C. and on the ground had a lot of responsibility for the outcome. This is a piece of history that we don’t want to repeat in the future. This paper will prove that the Vietnam War was almost impossible to win and caused great loss and suffering†¦

Geography Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Geography - Annotated Bibliography Example Bonnett provides the readers with a comprehensive understanding of the geography discipline. No single phrase gives the exact definition of the term geography as a discipline covering both modernity and ancient. The author examines various challenging assumptions regarding the idea of geography and argues that the term geography can never be definite and accurate because the ideas are both ancient and modern. From the viewpoint of the author, geography is ‘the world discipline’ and ‘one of the humanity’s big ideas’. Bonnett’s layout of this book is well-structured into three main parts that include, the challenging assumptions, geography in the context of a globalizing world, and the three fundamental aspects of geography. The vision of geography holds as the most useful subject for a globalizing world. To ensure an all-inclusive coverage, Bonnett considered a range of previous research works to define the term ‘geography’ in diffe rent ways. He concludes that there is still little evidence documentation supporting modern geography, which opens up new scope for further research.Catling outlines ideas in this book that are relevant in the current academic world because few studies had addressed the perceptions of trainee teachers about the term ‘geography’ at that particular point in time. Training geography not only entails understanding the subject but also a conception of the reasons for such training. As the title indicates, this paper tries to explore the concepts of geography maintained by school trainee teacher in England.

How would Virtue Ethics be used to solve moral controversies What Essay

How would Virtue Ethics be used to solve moral controversies What would Virtue Ethics say is the right action in regards to abortion - Essay Example Contextually, moral controversies and its impact on the society is vital and hence, the effect of virtue ethics is an important considerate in this regard. The discussion henceforth also stresses on the fact that the impact of social issues like abortion may lead to the death of several lives in the society and create a moral controversy. Virtue ethics, in its simplest form, implies the good character of individuals and their awareness of the moral rights they have. According to virtue ethics, a virtuous person will have his attention towards avoiding social moral controversies, as they focus towards the nature of the issue. In this context, it can be stated that virtue ethics focuses more upon the aspect to how an individual should live and portray his/her characteristics and express wisdom towards solving issues. Accordingly, these aspects and positive traits of the people minimize the risk of moral controversies to a considerable extent (British Philosophical Association, n.d.). Virtue ethics is based upon three tenets to avoid the moral controversies, which includes ‘agent-based theories, Eudaimonism, and the ethics of care’. In other words, virtue ethics is a form of â€Å"Modern Moral Philosophy†, which implies that every individual living in a society needs to have rational thoughts to avoid controversies. Hence, virtue implies towards the right action of an individual guided by their moral obligations (British Philosophical Association, n.d.). Concerning abortion, the right attitude or virtue depends upon the relevance of action, based on correct information. As virtue ethics refers fetus to be a life, and because killing a life is against the moral consideration, virtue ethics refers abortion as a wrong action. However, the action of abortion can be referred as virtuous, if the decision is based on accurate information, independence and self-determination by the expecting mother and the pregnancy may be a

Target Retail Company Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Target Retail Company - Research Paper Example This company was driven by the personal principles practiced by Dayton, whereby he believed in reaching higher grounds of stewardship and this made his store become known for dependable merchandise, generous spirit and fair business practices (Target Brands, Inc., 2011). In 1911, Dayton Dry Goods Company was named The Dayton Company so as to incorporate its assortment of goods and services that it had started offering and soon it is commonly known as the Dayton Store. In the year 1916, this company becomes part of the co-founders of Retail Research Association, which is a leading retailers’ cooperative which later expanded and was named the Associated Merchandising Corporation in 1918. In the same year, George Dayton creates a foundation, The Dayton Foundation endowed with $1 million with the aim of promoting human welfare across the world. This was later renamed the Dayton-Hudson Foundation in the year 1969 and later became the Target Foundation in 2000. Following stalling of shipments in 1920 due to a freight handlers strike, Dayton decided to use airplanes to ship goods throughout the country, an idea that was well received by the public following the effects of the crisis on the consumer market. A radio station was created by Dayton in 1922 with a massive influence on Minneapolis. The son of Dayton, George N Dayton, takes over presidency of Dayton Company in 1938 following his father’s death. This company came up with the idea of giving 5% of its pretax profits to the community as a corporate social responsibility strategy in 1946. A new generation of leadership is borne following the death of George N. Dayton, where the grandson Donald C. Dayton, takes over the running of the company in 1950, and this was followed by all the Dayton’s grandsons taking over leadership positions within the company. A commercial interiors department was opened

INTERCULTURAL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

INTERCULTURAL - Essay Example on the positive altitude of her friends and parents, where they did not allow the intimidation of the civil rights movement to inflict fear on their children, rice was trained to remain positive in every aspect of live (The right scoop, 2010). During her interview with Kate Couric, Rice sounds positive concerning their hard task of facing their two enemies that threatened their national security. She accepts the fact that both Iraq and North Korea were dangerous in their own way but she assured her that they were going to deal with both of them separately (Schneider, 2010). The parents to Condoleezza tried their best to protect their little gal from the areas that would bring her face to face with discrimination, but though she was young, she was so much responsive to the civil rights struggle and the concerns that pertained to Birmingham. She is also seen to be actively involved in settling the disputes that existed between U.S and North Korea together with Iran. As witnessed in her childhood experiences, it is clear that Rice was an intelligent child, where her intelligence is also exhibited in the manner she handles the insecurity concerns brought about by North Korea and Iran. She believes in negotiations between rivalry communities, and dialogue with your own enemies (Schneider, 2010). After being asked by Kate on whether her government has ever taken the initiative to conduct negotiations with their enemies, she says that, they have made an effort to engage North Korea in the framework of six party talks. Having grew in a terrorism atmosphere, Rice in her interview with Kate is seen to revolve around the aspect of maintaining peace with his rivalry communities, where she is even going to the extent of involving the neighbouring communities to assist the US in convincing the North Korea and Iran to abandon their intentions of embarking on using weapons of mass destruction (The right scoop, 2010). Having seen what rivalry could bring during her early days of

Managing Organizational Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Managing Organizational Change - Essay Example The move was an intentional one to ensure that the organization is able to resurrect itself from a loss of market share, loss of revenues and unwitting loss of employees that may take place in case the organization undergoes an organizational decline. Downsizing in my organization led to employee and personnel reduction only. However, resources are also brought down in some other organizations. The goal is to improve the efficiency of the organization. According to Freeman and Cameron (1993), downsizing affects the way work is accomplished. The overall workforce declines when downsizing takes place and hence less number of individuals is available to do the same amount of work. The same happened in my organization. As a result of downsizing the overall work load on one individual increased. This led to burnout, lower morals and inefficiencies. Thus the change within my organization was directly related to marshalling and channeling of resources. This has also been referred to and exp lained in the IBM change story of Table 1.1. The story depicts how it is important for resources to be channeled appropriately when an organization is undergoing an organizational change. (Alexander, 2003) Reference: Alexander. (2003, Feb). From the President. Retrieved Jan 12, 2009, from Leadership in Action: http://www.ccl.org Week 2: Forum 2 Over the course of last couple of decades internet has changed the paradigms of media. News is no longer restricted and limited to print media. Electronic media has emerged on the forefront and now it is being regularly referred to by many. Its integration on the media front is also coupled with the fact that technology has embedded itself in the society today. Today’s man is more dependent on the web then he was ever before. In a recent study conducted by a firm, it was claimed that over three quarters of American adults make use of the Internet while more than half of them connect to the net through wireless connections either throug h laptops or through their handsets. Over 60% of these broadband connections are consumed at home. This in itself is indicative of the fact of the extent internet and with that how e-media has integrated itself in today’s society. I believe that both news print and online media are important in their own right though in my life I won’t deny the fact that the latter holds more significance. This is because I am always on the go and hence it becomes easy for me to read the news on my handset then piquing it down through newspapers. I very seldom read news on newspapers. Most of the time I find myself logging in on websites like nytimes.com, washingtonpost, bbc.com and cnn.com In the given article, the demise of TDI is illustrative of the growing influence of e-media in our society today. Reference: R.E.Goodin. (1975). How to determine who should get what. Ethics , 310-21. Week 3: Forum 3 Post economic down turn and recession, leadership roles and leadership perception ac ross the board has changed significantly. There are innumerable issues and challenges that confront the leaders of today, each of which is engrossing and highly intimidating. Empowerment of work forces, cultural and ethnic diversity, demands of the labor unions are some but of